Changes in Public Attitudes toward Government Welfare Responsibilities under the East Asian Welfare Regime:A Comparative Analysis Based on ISSP Data from 1996 to 2016
International experience shows that welfare crisis events profoundly affect the welfare sys-tems of various countries and challenge their social policies and welfare governance capabilities.The academic community has proposed different reform ideas for different welfare states,and com-parative research on welfare regimes has emerged.Esping-Andersen divides western welfare states into conservative regime,liberal regime and social democratic regime based on the degree of de-commodification in each country.Later,some studies proposed that Japan,South Korea,Hong Kong of China,Taiwan Province of China,Mainland China,Singapore,etc.have common welfare characteristics and then form an East Asian welfare regime.Developmentalism and productivism,Confucian culture,and low welfare levels are the characteristics of the East Asian welfare regime.Welfare attitudes are the tendency of people to support or disapprove of government welfare re-sponsibilities.Empirical research focuses on factors influencing attitudes toward welfare responsi-bilities.Some studies have discussed this topic from the perspective of welfare regime factors,na-tional and regional factors,and personal factors.However,existing research has some shortcom-ings:East Asian welfare regime is usually analyzed uniformly,lacking country-to-country compari-sons;the impact of micro individual factors is not explored;and there is a lack of research that ana-lyzes welfare attitudes in different countries and regions under the East Asian welfare regime based on time trends.From the perspective of international comparison of welfare attitudes,this study analyzes the mechanism of national and regional factors,personal factors,and time factors on welfare attitudes,and examines the changing and evolutionary characteristics of welfare attitudes under the East Asian welfare regime.Using the 1996,2006 and 2016"Role of Government"survey data of the In-ternational Social Survey Program(ISSP),the public welfare attitudes in Japan,South Korea,and Taiwan Province of China under the East Asian welfare regime were used as the research objects.Three research questions are studied:(1)What are the characteristics of public welfare attitudes in different countries and regions under the East Asian welfare regime?(2)In different historical peri-ods,what are the developments and changes in public welfare attitudes in various countries and re-gions under the East Asian welfare regime?(3)What are the factors influencing the changes in public welfare attitudes under the East Asian welfare regime?This study adopts quantitative analy-sis methods and trend analysis perspectives.The specific statistical analysis techniques used in-clude rotational factor analysis,analysis of variance,multiple linear regression analysis,etc.This study takes welfare attitude as the dependent variable,including the attitude toward economic wel-fare responsibilities and the attitude toward social welfare responsibilities.The influencing factors of welfare responsibility attitudes are used as independent variables,including time factors,na-tional and regional factors,and personal factors.This paper explores the impact of three types of factors on the changing trends and characteristics of public welfare attitudes under the East Asian welfare regime.The study found that public welfare attitudes in East Asia have time-varying and differenti-ated characteristics.First,in the horizontal aspect,under the East Asian welfare regime,there are significant differences in welfare attitudes in different countries and regions at the same time,and attitudes towards social and economic welfare responsibilities are different.The results of data analysis in 2006 show that the economic welfare attitude is relatively high in South Korea,the so-cial welfare attitude is relatively high in Taiwan Province,and Japan is relatively low in both.The results of data analysis in 2016 show that Taiwan Province has relatively high attitudes toward both economic and social welfare responsibilities.Second,in the vertical aspect,under the East Asian welfare regime,there are significant differences in the attitudes towards welfare responsibilities in the same country or region and at different times.The attitudes towards social and economic wel-fare responsibilities are different.In the decades reflected in the database,Japan's economic and so-cial welfare attitudes have changed relatively greatly,followed by South Korea,and Taiwan Prov-ince has changed relatively little.Japan's economic welfare attitude score has experienced a trend of first declining and then rising,while the social welfare attitude score has almost continued to de-cline.South Korea's economic and social welfare attitudes are almost all showing a downward trend;Taiwan Province has not changed much.Third,in terms of influencing factors,time factors,national and regional factors and personal factors have a significant impact on welfare responsibil-ity attitudes.Sociodemographic factors,socioeconomic status factors and value concept factors all have an impact on economic welfare attitudes and social welfare attitudes to a certain extent.Time factors and national and regional factors also have a significant impact on welfare attitudes.Cross-national comparative research on welfare attitudes illustrates the coexistence of homogeneity and differences within the East Asian welfare regime.This study conducts a longitudinal and dynamic analysis of public welfare attitudes under the East Asian countries and regions,provides empirical research support for the theoretical re-innovation of the East Asian welfare regime,and provides academic mirrors for China's social welfare system reform and innovation,which have theoretical and policy significance.
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