Theory of Constructiveness of Human Being:Reconstruction of the Theoretical Foundation of"Person-in-Environment"of Social Work Practice(middle part)
Though social work theories are from social sciences,they are not for mechanically applying social theories but for illustrating the validity of practice. Social work theories are theories of elucidating the reasons of interventional practice processes,rather than theories of general rule and law of social phenomenon. This series of essays includes up,middle and down three articles,which systematically review the classification models and construction ways of Western social work theories,construct a new theoretical foundation of"Person-in-Environment"of social work practice based on sorting out the viewpoints about human being,development and practice from social sciences. It suggests that we could substitute ecosystem theories as the foundation of generalist social work with the life history theory and reflective practice theory. The second article,in a series of essays that reconstruct the theoretical foundation of the practice framework of the"Person-in-Environment"of social work,mainly discusses the concept of human beings as the core factor of the"Person-in-Environment"of social work practice. After the enlightenment,reasonable person had become the precondition of western philosophy and social science. It seems very simple that if you will like to become a reasonable person,you just turn back to reflect and you would be a reasonable person. Meanwhile,along with the emergence of psychoanalysis,behaviorism and humanism of three approaches of psychological theory,modern psychology had broken the myth of just turning back to reflect will become a reasonable person. But,no matter whether psychoanalysis or behaviorism,they employ some science or rationality to analyze the non-rational mechanisms of the mind or explain the mechanical behavior model,but they do not illustrate where the science or rationality comes from. It is just humanism that assumes self-growth as the potential of human beings and proposes to build humane relationships to facilitate the growth of human beings. This theory solves the puzzle of origins of rationality. Nevertheless,humanism lacks an explanation of the self-growth of human beings through humane relationships;phenomenology could help explain this question. Edmund Husserl try to rely on suspending strategy to enter into pure conscious,so as to explain genetic of mind of human being. Alfred Schultz go backward from Husserl,he enters into the social relations to explain the subjectivity of human being. Schultz differentiates social relations as different kinds,such as"we"relations,other world relations,Schultz argues that the more remote or anonymous relations,the more abstract or stereotypical understanding of the subject. This will result in misunderstanding about relations of subject. For this reason,we need enter into existentialism to understand the being in the world and the existent world. Only by bringing traditions to the present,people could,according to the need of practice,critically interpret and dialogue with each other,and arrive at a fusing of horizonsMeanwhile,in reality,it is not truth that every person would like to critically interpret with each other to arrive at mutual understanding. It may be just another side of the world that people identify some kind of cultural category to construct some collective identity,and cross it with class identity to make crossing identity politics. This will further dissolve the foundation of mutual understanding. Therefore,social work could not cure a client based on the assumption of rationality and instrumental technology,nor assume good traits of human to trust the client to become better automatically. Social work should start form the point of constructiveness of human being,tries to change differentiated identity politics,and construct mutual concern and understanding relations based on legitimacy of the situation.
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