THE ANCIENT CAPITAL CITY PLANNING IN EAST ASIA UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION:A CASE STUDY OF KOREA,JAPAN,AND VIETNAM
Over thousands of years of urban planning evolution in China,a variety of capital city planning models have been formed and spread to East Asian countries because of the influence of Chinese civilization on neighboring countries.Based on longitudinal connection and horizontal comparison,this paper systematically analyzes how and in which aspects the three East Asian countries:Korea,Japan and Vietnam were influenced by ancient Chinese capital city planning in different periods.The findings reveal that,firstly,Korea,Japan and Vietnam differ from each other in the starting and ending times and ways of influence,mainly focusing on the Han people's construction and management,and learning directly or indirectly from China.Secondly,these countries almost completely imitated China in terms of site selection and spatial structure of their capital cities.However,learning from different Chinese capital cities,they differ in the contents of learning and innovation.Thirdly,these East Asian countries followed the common philosophies in the planning for their capital cities,and at the same time they flexibly applied or improved the Chinese model in line with their own natural conditions and social situations.Generally speaking,these East Asian countries,under the influence of Chinese civilization,formed the capital planning models with both similarities and unique national characteristics,which are results of both learning and innovation and characterized by coexistence of commonality and difference.
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