摘要
压电催化技术是一种新兴的催化方法,能够有效地将清洁、丰富的机械能(如水流动能、潮汐能和风能)转化为化学能,在化学催化领域展现出显著潜力,为环境修复和能源管理提供可持续的解决方案.金属钛酸盐因其良好的压电响应、环保特性和成本效益,在压电催化领域备受关注.然而,压电催化活性的不足限制了其实际应用.为克服这一挑战,提高机械能响应效率和减少能量转换过程中的损失成为关键.研究人员通常从两个核心策略出发:一是优化压电性能,二是调控载流子传输.深入理解这些策略在提高压电催化活性中的核心作用,对于设计高效压电催化剂并推动压电催化技术发展具有重要意义.本文系统地总结了金属钛酸盐的分类、合成方法和设计策略.首先,根据其在压电催化中的应用,将金属钛酸盐分为单金属钙钛矿钛酸盐、多金属钙钛矿钛酸盐和层状类钙钛矿钛酸盐,并从结构角度揭示了其压电特性的起源.其次,概述了金属钛酸盐的主要制备方法,包括水热法、固态反应法、熔盐法和静电纺丝法,并从提升催化性能角度比较了它们的优缺点.在金属钛酸盐的设计策略部分,探讨了构建准同型相界、应变工程、居里点控制、外场诱导极化和定向晶体生长等方法对改善压电性能的可行性.特别是,构建准同型相界和采用外场诱导极化,可以分别降低极化旋转的能垒和诱导宏观极化,在提升金属钛酸盐压电催化性能方面表现出显著效果.此外,还强调了助催化剂负载、碳材修饰和半导体异质结构在促进载流子分离中的重要作用.其中,空间分离的助剂修饰能够较大程度地提高载流子的分离效率,进而显著增强压电催化性能.最后,本文对基于金属钛酸盐的压电催化剂的技术发展进行了展望,旨在推动压电催化剂的合理设计和实际应用.具体建议包括:(1)规范压电催化性能评价体系,以实现不同系统间催化剂性能的统一、合理评价;(2)综合评估影响压电催化的因素,寻求最优解,并加强多种策略的耦合设计;(3)加强有限元模拟和密度泛函理论等理论支撑,开发应用原位技术,以深入探究压电效应在催化过程中的具体贡献,加深对压电催化机理的理解;(4)发展基于低速搅拌、水冲洗、机械刷等微弱动力的压电催化技术,并设计对低频机械能敏感的新型催化剂,以适应自然界的能量条件;(5)研究宏观支撑的压电催化剂设计,以提高在应力条件下的稳定性,同时增强可持续利用性;(6)耦合其他先进的氧化工艺,以加速活性物质的生产.综上,本文聚焦环境修复和能源应用,深入分析了从压电特性改善和载流子运输调节两个角度出发的多种策略在提升金属钛酸盐压电催化性能中的关键作用,并对该领域的未来发展趋势和面临的挑战进行了展望.本文旨在为高效压电催化剂的设计提供参考和借鉴.
Abstract
Piezocatalysis,as an emerging technology,holds the promise for providing sustainable solutions to environmental remediation and energy management through mechanical energy utilization.Metal titanates(MTs)are well-known for their outstanding piezoelectric response,positioning them as the primary candidates for catalysts in this field.Moreover,their eco-friendly and cost-effective attributes have made them the focus of considerable attention among researchers.However,the insufficient piezocatalytic activity continues to constrain the practical application of MTs.Confront-ed with suboptimal energy conversion efficiency,enhancing the response to mechanical energy and reducing the subsequent conversion losses are pivotal for improving the piezocatalytic perfor-mance.This review commences with the classification and introduction of various MTs relevant to the field of piezocatalysis.Subsequently,the main methods for preparing MTs are presented.Partic-ularly,the design strategies of MTs with excellent piezocatalytic properties are discussed from the perspectives of improving piezoelectric properties and regulating carrier transport,including con-struction of morphotropic phase boundary,strain engineering,Curie point control,external field-induced polarization,oriented crystal growth,co-catalyst loading,carbon modification,and semiconductor heterostructure construction.Finally,comprehensive challenges to the development of piezocatalytic technology are presented to promote the rational design and practical application of piezocatalysts.
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