Perfecting HER catalysts via defects:Recent advances and perspectives
Defect engineering has become a promising approach to improve the performance of hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)catalysts.Non-noble transition metal-based catalysts(TMCs)have shown significant promise as effective alternatives to traditional platinum-group catalysts,attracting con-siderable attention.However,the industrial application of TMCs in electrocatalytic hydrogen pro-duction necessitates further optimization to boost both catalytic activity and stability.This review comprehensively examines the types,fabrication methods,and characterization techniques of vari-ous defects that enhance catalytic HER activity.Key advancements include optimizing defect con-centration and distribution,coupling heteroatoms with vacancies,and leveraging the synergy be-tween bond lengths and defects.In-depth discussions highlight the electronic structure and catalytic mechanisms elucidated through in-situ characterization and density functional theory calculations.Additionally,future directions are identified,exploring novel defect types,emphasizing precision synthesis methods,industrial-scale preparation techniques,and strategies to enhance structural stability and understanding the in-depth catalytic mechanism.This review aims to inspire further research and development in defect-engineered HER catalysts,providing pathways for high effi-ciency and cost-effectiveness in hydrogen production.
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