The formation of ancient Qinghai tea market was closely related to the state-run tea-horse trade.After tea-horse trade ceased,Qinghai tea trade trended towards marketization,which stimulated the local tea marketing activities.In modern times,facing the decline of the tea market caused by wartime devastation,the government at that time promptly adjusted tea policies,allowing the tea trade to recover.Following the establishment of the Republic of China,the relaxation of tea import regulations further promoted the marketization of the Qinghai tea trade,fostering the development of the tea market.At that time,Xining and Huangyuan were key marketing places in the Qinghai tea trade.Commercial groups such as firms,rest houses,and itinerant traders participated in building an extensive market network.This not only spurred local commercial prosperity but also promoted economic integration between Qinghai and other regions in China.Additionally,this enhanced the interactions and integration among various ethnic groups in Qinghai,positively impacting the region's social development.