Effects of Combined Exposure to Organophosphorus Flame Retardant TCPP and Lead on Zebrafish Development
Electronic waste(E-waste)has been increasing in recent years,and the pollution around E-waste dis-mantling plants is a serious problem.The organophosphorus flame retardants tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate(TCPP)and lead(Pb)are the two primary pollutants in E-waste dismantling plants,which adversely affect both hu-man health and the surrounding environment.There are no studies on the effects of combined exposure to TCPP and Pb on aquatic organisms and human development.In this study,the zebrafish was selected to investigate the effects of Pb(190 μg·L-1),TCPP(200,2 000,and 6 000 μg·L-1)and their co-exposure on the development of zebrafish embryos.The results showed that exposure to Pb and low,medium,and high doses of TCPP alone and in combination had no significant effect on zebrafish survival and hatching rates.Meanwhile,individual and co-expo-sure to Pb and low and medium doses of TCPP had no significant effect on zebrafish spinal curvature rate and be-havior.Compared with TCPP and Pb exposure alone,the high-dose combined exposure(Pb 190 μg·L-1+TCPP 6 000 μg·L1)inhibited spontaneous locomotion in zebrafish(P＜0.01),decreased the body length(P＜0.01)and the heart rate at 96 hpf and 120 hpf(P＜0.001).In addition,the high-dose combined exposure down-regulated the ex-pression of spinal development-related genes(col8ala,ngs,bmp2a,bmp2b,runx2b)and neurodevelopment-related genes(mbp,elav13,gfap,gap43)(P＜0.05).These findings suggest that high-dose combined exposure to TCPP and Pb disrupts the expression of key genes involved in spinal and neural development,thereby adversely affecting these crucial developmental processes in zebrafish embryos.
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