根据全国范围内葡萄主产区中单氰胺的残留特征,评估不同膳食消费人群的长、短期暴露风险,对于维护居民生命健康、推动生态环境可持续发展意义重大.建立了单氰胺在葡萄基质中的快速、痕量分析测定方法,样品经乙腈提取,分散固相萃取净化,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UHPLC-MS/MS)分析.葡萄样品中单氰胺的平均回收率为85.0％～92.0％,相对标准偏差为(relative standard deviation,RSD)3.3％～10.5％,保留时间(retention time,RT)和定量限(limit of quantitation,LOQ)分别为12 min和0.001 mg·kg-1.冷冻避光条件下单氰胺在葡萄样品中能够稳定储藏至少184 d,降解率为13.9％～24.1％;单氰胺在葡萄中的最终残留量为0.001～0.003 mg·kg-1,规范残留试验中值(supervised trials median residue,STMR)为 0.002 mg·kg-1,最大残留量(highest residue,HR)为 0.003 mg·kg-1,低于国内外已有最大限量标准(MRLs,0.05 mg·kg-1).单氰胺在葡萄中的急性膳食风险商为1.600％～25.346％,其中儿童暴露风险最高(ARfD％,25.346％),依次高于一般人群(ARfD％,3.623％)和育龄妇女(ARfD％,1.600％);在登记作物(樱桃、猕猴桃、葡萄)中的慢性膳食风险商为0.290％～4.275％,城镇居民的暴露风险显著高于农村居民(P＜0.05),2～6岁儿童群体风险最高(ADI％,2.763％～4.275％),不同性别间风险差异不显著(P＞0.05).虽然目前单氰胺的短期与长期膳食暴露风险处于可接受范围水平,但考虑到环境投入量增加及其生物链累积作用,未来需警惕多作物、多途径联合暴露风险放大,特别是易感城镇儿童群体.
Exposure Risk Assessment for Dietary Cyanamide in Grape Based on Re-sidual Characteristics in Producing Areas of China
The evaluation of short-and long-term exposure risks for different dietary consumption populations is meaningful for the health maintenance of residents and the sustainable development of our ecosystem,based on the residual characteristics of cyanamide in the main producing areas of grape across China.A rapid and effective analytical method was developed to trace cyanamide in grapes in this study.Target pesticide was extracted with acetonitrile in samples,then purified by dispersive solid phase extraction,and finally determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UHPLC-MS/MS).The mean recoveries and relative standard deviations(RSD)of cyanamide were 85％～92％and 3.3％～10.5％in the grape matrix,respectively.The retention time(RT)for cyanamide was 12 min,and the limit of quantification(LOQ)was 0.001 mg·kg-1.Cyanamide could be stored stably for 184 d at least in grape samples in the frozen under dark conditions,with the degradation rates of 13.9％～24.1％.The terminal magnitude of cyanamide ranged from 0.001 to 0.003 mg·kg-1,and the supervised trials median residue(STMR)was of 0.002 mg·kg-1.The highest residue(HR)of 0.003 mg·kg-1 was lower than the maximum residue limit(MRL)of 0.05 mg·kg-1,which was established by China and other countries.The acute risks of cyanamide for dietary grapes were from 1.600％to 25.346％,and the children suffered from the worst exposures(ARfD％,25.346％),followed by the general population(ARfD％,3.623％)and the women of childbearing age(ARfD％,1.600％).The chronic dietary risks were between 0290％and 4 275％for all of registered crops,including cherries,kiwi fruit and grapes.The exposure risks for urban residents were significantly higher than that of the rural residents(P＜0.05),and the most serious dietary risks were observed in children aged 2～6 years with ADI％of 2.763％～4.275％.None of significant differences of chronic risks were obtained between genders of populations(P＞0.05).Despite both dietary exposure risks of cyanamide within acceptable levels,the potential hazards amplification should be continuously assessed,given the increasing application and cumulative effects by multi-crops and multi-modes exposures in the biological chain,especially for the susceptible urban children.
万方数据
维普
