Toxicity Effect,Water Quality Criteria and Standards of Fluoride:Pro-gress and Prospects
Low or high fluoride intake can affect human health,and high fluoride levels in aquatic environments can also harm aquatic organisms.This article provides a thorough examination of the primary sources and distribu-tion of fluoride in China,elucidating its toxic effects,and summarizing ongoing research on fluoride water quality criteria/standards from the perspectives of protecting human health and sustaining aquatic organisms.Considering the dual threshold effect of fluoride on human health,regional variations in fluoride intake sources,and the influ-ence of water quality parameters such as temperature,hardness,and chloride ions'effect on fluoride toxicity in aquatic organisms,this article suggests several potential directions for future research on water quality criteria/standards for fluoride in China.These recommendations include(1)in-depth exploration of fluoride's optimal range for human health;(2)developing local fluoride water quality standards that account for regional differences in sources and distribution;(3)advancing research on fluoride surface water quality criteria by incorporating cor-rections for water quality parameter such as hardness,temperature,and chloride ion concentration.
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