Multi-and Trans-generational Effects of N-ethylpyridinium Bromide on Reproduction and Lipid Metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans
Ionic liquids(ILs)belong to emerging pollutants,and their hormesis earned particular attentions on their ecological impacts at low concentrations with long-term exposure.As one representative IL,N-ethylpyridinium bromide([epyr]Br)was chosen as the target chemical.Its reproductive toxicities on Caenorhabditis elegans were determined with multi-and trans-generational exposure arrangements,and effects on the metabolites and enzyme activities in lipid metabolism were explored to elucidate the mechanisms.In the multi-generational exposure over 11 consecutive generations,[epyr]Br at 0.53 mg·L-1 caused stimulation on the reproduction in F1,F2,F3,F7,F8,F9 and F10,and provoked inhibition in F6 and F11.At 53 mg·L-1,it caused greater inhibitions in more genera-tions than at 0.53 mg·L-1.In the trans-generational influences,[epyr]Br at both concentrations caused significant residual inhibition in the first non-exposed offspring of F1(i.e.,T3).Meanwhile,the residual effects of[epyr]Br ex-posure at the low concentration in the first non-exposed offspring of F11(i.e.,T3')showed stimulation,and those at the high did not show significant residual effects.The effects of[epyr]Br on the lipid metabolites,e.g.,triacyl-glycerol(TG)and acetyl-CoA(ACA),and those on the activities of enzymes,e.g.,glycerol-3-phosphate acyltrans-ferases(GPAT)and carnitine palmitoyl transferase(CPT),also showed oscillation between stimulation and inhibi-tion over generations.Moreover,close relationships were found among the effects of[epyr]Br on the bio-indicators and also between the biochemical effects and the reproductive toxicities with influences by the exposure concentra-tions.In T3 and T3',[epyr]also showed significant residual effects on the biochemical indicators.Summing up,the reproductive toxicities of[epyr]Br in multi-generational exposure scenario and the residual effects in the trans-generational scenario were closely connected to effects on the lipid metabolism with influences by exposure con-centrations.
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