Effects of Emerging Pollutants on Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes
Antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)have been identified as a prominent factor contributing to the emer-gence of environmental pollution issues,presenting a significant risk to both ecological systems and human health.Environmental contaminants,such as endocrine disruptors,heavy metals,microplastics,and nanomaterials,can significantly enhance the dissemination of ARGs through horizontal gene transfer,thus becoming a focal point of research in this field.This paper provides a comprehensive review of the sources of ARGs and the three classical routes of horizontal gene transfer(conjugation,natural transformation,and transduction).We also summarize the regulations and potential mechanisms of emerging pollutants that impact the horizontal transfer of ARGs,which can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the dissemination dynamics and ultimate destiny of ARGs in ecosystems.The paper also summarized potential strategies to block ARGs horizontal transfer and addressed their limitations.The data presented can provide an in-depth understanding of the role of emerging pollutants in the dissemination of ARGs.
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