Interactions between Cadmium and Essential Elements in Marine Bivalves
Cadmium(Cd)is a widespread contaminant in the marine environment,attracting great concern due to its high toxicity and risk.The benthic filter-feeding habits of marine bivalves make them highly susceptible to the bioaccumulation of Cd,leading to a variety of adverse effects such as oxidative stress,metabolic disorder and abnormal signal transduction.Exogenous Cd can enter marine bivalves via transport proteins/channels of essential elements.In order to resist Cd-induced stress,marine bivalves have developed a series of defense mechanisms,e.g.,complexation with ligands containing sulfur,nitrogen and selenium.These adaptive responses can reduce the concentration of free Cd ions in bivalves and further alleviate Cd-induced toxicity.However,in several key biological pathways,Cd can compete or replace essential elements of similar size and charge such as calcium,copper and zinc,thereby disrupting elemental homeostasis and causing toxic effects.In addition,this review highlights ionomics as a novel analytical tool for exploring the interactions of multiple elements in ecotoxicological studies.Collectively,this review provides an important reference for an in-depth understanding of the toxicological mechanisms and ecological risk of Cd in the marine environment.
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