Toxic Effects of Sulfamethoxazole on Perinereis aibuhitensis
To study the toxic effects of sulfamethoxazole(SMX)on the marine polychaete P.aibuhitensis,a 15-day exposure test was conducted in seawater with 1,10,and 100 μg·L-1 SMX.The effects of SMX on growth,burrowing behavior,antioxidant defense,non-specific immunity and cell apoptosis were investigated at individual,cellular and molecular levels.The results showed that 1 μg·L-1 and 10 μg·L-1 SMX had no significant effect on the body weight(P＞0.05),but the body length of all experimental groups was significantly higher than that of control group(P＜0.05).After exposure to SMX,the bursing rate was significantly reduced,and a high concentration of SMX(100 μg·L-1)exhibited a neurotoxic effect on P.aibuhitensis,which was manifested as a significant decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity.SMX exposure induced oxidative stress,which resulted in an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT)and decreased content of malondialdehyde(MDA).In addition,acid phosphatase(ACP)activity was significantly reduced at 10 μg·L-1 and 100 μg·L-1 SMX exposure,suggesting that exposure to high concentrations of SMX may reduce the immunity of P.aibuhitensis.Finally,when exposed to high concentration of SMX,most genes related to apoptosis were down-regulated,exhibiting the inhibitory effect of SMX on cell apoptosis.This study helps to further understand the toxic effects of SMX pollution on aquatic invertebrates and improve our understanding of the ecotoxicity of SMX.
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