Research Progresses on the Bioavailability and Toxicity of Rare Earth Ele-ments towards Aquatic Organisms
Rare earth elements(REEs)have been widely applied in high-tech industries and clean production,and can enter into aquatic ecosystems through various stages of production and use.In aquatic environments,REEs can exist as free ions,form complexes with ligands,or remain in the water as colloids.REEs can be absorbed by aquatic organisms,or adsorbed onto their surfaces,and transferred through the food chain,posing potential risks to aquatic organisms.This review summarizes the environmental concentrations,speciation,and distribution of REEs in aquatic environments both domestically and internationally,along with the influencing factors.It also summarizes the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer patterns of REEs in different trophic levels of aquatic ecosystems,elucidates the toxicity and toxic mechanisms of REEs at the molecular,cellular,organ,and individual levels,and discusses the biological and abiotic factors affecting their toxicity.Finally,this review provides an outlook on future research on the bioavailability and toxicity of REEs.
万方数据
维普
