De Smet等(2018)和Traugott(2020)指出,在语法演化过程中功能相似的两个构式之间可能会发生同化作用.本文以汉语的两个核心构式——被动式和处置式为例,证明功能正好相反的两个构式之间也会发生同化现象.我们通过大规模的调查分析,发现普通话和方言的大量事实表明,处置式和被动式之间已经发生了系统性的同化现象,主要表现在两个方面:一方面是处置式和被动式共用同一个语法标记,这又可以细分为两种情况,其一是在一个方言内部这两种构式共用一个语法标记,其二为具有同一词汇来源的语法标记在一些方言里发展成处置式标记,而在其他方言里则变成被动式标记;另一方面是处置式和被动式在结构形式上的趋同,受处置式的受事名词必须出现这一语法特征的影响,北方方言和很多其他方言的被动式也要求施事名词必须出现.我们的研究不仅对汉语被动式的典型类型学特征做出了解释,也对构式语法理论的发展有所裨益.
Constructional Assimilation Between the Disposal and Passive Constructions in Chinese
De Smet et al.(2018)and Traugott(2020)have noted that assimilation can occur between two functionally similar constructions during the process of grammatical evolution.This paper uses two core constructions in Chinese-disposal and passive constructions-as examples to demonstrate that assimilation can also occur between two constructions that are functionally opposite.Through extensive survey,we have discovered a large amount of evidence from Mandarin Chinese and various Chinese dialects showing systematic assimilation between disposal and passive constructions,mainly in two aspects:1)disposal and passive constructions share the same grammatical marker,which can be further divided into two situations,one being that these two constructions share a grammatical marker within a dialect,and the other being that a grammatical marker from the same lexical source develops into a disposal marker in some dialects and into a passive marker in others;2)disposal and passive constructions converge in structural form,influenced by the grammatical feature that the patient noun in disposal constructions must appear,leading to the requirement in many other dialects,including Northern Chinese dialects,that the agent noun must also appear in passive constructions.Our research not only explains the typological characteristics of Chinese passive constructions but also contributes to the theory of Construction Grammar.According to previous research and our investigations,there was no evidence of assimilation between disposal and passive constructions until the end of the 19th century.From the analysis in this paper,the depth and scale of assimilation between these two constructions are remarkable.Their assimilation is asymmetric,with disposal constructions overwhelmingly dominating the process,in most cases assimilating the passive constructions.The structural components of the disposal constructions deeply affect the passive constructions,resulting in the requirement in spoken Mandarin and most dialects that the agent component must appear,a grammatical feature originating from the syntactic constraint in disposal constructions that the object noun must appear.In the history of grammatical evolution,the results of assimilation between constru-ctions often lead to differentiation.Disposal and passive constructions,being two constru-ctions with distinctly opposing functions,can cause communicative ambiguity when the same grammatical marker is used in a dialect.Therefore,some dialects add a lexical marker to one of these constructions,giving rise to a compound marker.Most of these compound markers are used for passive constructions because,in this pair of constructions,disposal constructions are used more frequently,are more basic,and are less marked grammatically.
万方数据
维普
