Mountain Forest Management by Immigrants in Gannan Mountainous Areas in the Qing Dynasty:A Case Study of the Zhou Clan's Instruments in Zhangjiadi
Gannan mountainous regions provides a broad stage for the mountain development of the immigrants during the Ming and Qing dynasties.The ways the immigrants operated their mountain forests during that period are the focus of research on the social and economic history of mountainous regions.The Zhou Clan's documents found in Zhangjiadi,Xingguo County,are rich in variety and involve a large number of mountain forest transactions.The documents can be used to show the situation of the Zhou Clan's forest management in Zhangjiadi,and reveal the characteristics of their management such as transactions of cross-administrative regions,mixed transactions of mountains,forests,houses and fields,and the use of mountain forest resources for financing.The Zhou Clan's mountain forest management modes are a microcosm of the development of Gannan mountainous areas,and its case is useful for exploring the different forestry property forms and transaction ways in this area,and for revealing the interaction between traditional Chinese mountainous societies and foreign immigrant families.
the Qing DynastyGannan mountainous regionsimmigrantsmountain forest managementcontractual instruments
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