Spatial-temporal evolution and driving factors of water footprint of urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin from the perspective of Sustainable Development Goal 6
With the intensification of climate change and the rapid development of the economy and society,the uneven distribution of water resources in time and space and the contradiction between supply and demand in the urban agglomeration in the Yellow River Basin have become increasingly prominent,exposing the prob-lem of interactive stress between the ecological environment in the basin and urban development.High-quality development in the Yellow River Basin represents an advanced stage of sustainable development,and sustain-able utilization of water resources in urban agglomerations creates more room for improvement in high-quality development.To actively respond to the Sustainable Development Goals proposed by the United Nations,this study takes five national urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin as the research object and uses the water footprint and related evaluation indices to construct an evaluation framework of the water resource utiliz-ation level oriented to Sustainable Development Goal 6.This framework is used to evaluate the water resource utilization and protection level of urban agglomerations in the Yellow River Basin.The dynamic change char-acteristics of the water footprint of the Yellow River Basin urban agglomeration from 2010 to 2019 are de-scribed based on the total water footprint and the proportion of each account,per capita water footprint,water footprint intensity,and water planet boundary.Global and local Moreland indices are used to describe the spa-tial evolution characteristics of the water footprint of the Yellow River urban agglomeration from 2010 to 2019.Based on an analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution characteristics of the water footprint of urban ag-glomerations in different sections of the Yellow River Basin,spatial econometric models of urban agglomera-tions in the whole basin,the upper and middle reaches and the lower reaches are established.This paper dis-cusses the similarities and differences in the driving effects of socioeconomic factors on the water footprint in different sections of the basin;these factors include gross regional product,permanent resident population at the end of the year,population density,total investment in fixed assets,foreign direct investment,built-up area,total import value and total export value.The results show that the total water footprint and mean value of urb-an agglomeration in the Yellow River Basin increase from the upper reaches to the lower reaches in a cascade distribution pattern,with significant regional differences.The water footprint and its related indicators show an overall downward trend,but there is still a certain gap in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6.The wa-ter footprint of urban agglomerations in the upper and middle reaches and the lower reaches presents a polariza-tion state of"low-low"agglomeration and"high-high"agglomeration,respectively,and transitions to"low-low"agglomeration on the whole.The driving factors in different urban agglomerations have significant differ-ences and spatial interaction effects.Therefore,countermeasures and suggestions are proposed to strengthen the radiative driving role of central cities,improve the resilience of urban water resource ecosystems,and imple-ment differentiated water resource system management according to the comparative advantages of different urban clusters.These suggestions provide a scientific basis for strengthening watershed system governance.
Sustainable Development Goalsurban agglomerationthe Yellow River Basinwater footprintdriving factors
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