Spatiotemporal patterns and influencing factors of farmers'income in the agro-pastoral transition zone of China
China's vast agro-pastoral ecotone,primarily located in ecologically fragile areas,comprises complex livelihood types and was concentrated areas of poverty in the past.By 2020,these areas had eradicated absolute poverty,marking a significant contribution to global poverty alleviation efforts.Focusing on Zhangbei County in the northern agro-pastoral ecotone,we explored the spatiotemporal patterns of farmers'income from 2016 to 2022,differences in income factors among three livelihood types,and their temporal changes using annual village-level field survey data,spatial autocorrelation,standard deviation ellipse,and geodetector analysis.The findings reveal that:1)The average income of farmers in Zhangbei County increased from 7000 yuan in 2016 to 11000 yuan in 2022,and the income gap widened.High-income areas shifted from the center of Zhangbei County to the northern villages by 2020,while low-income areas dispersed from the northwestern concentrated area to larger areas of the county since 2019,with spatial variability in per capita income increasing.2)The factors that influence farmers'per capita income exhibited significant temporal changes and differences across livelihood types.The role of grassroots-level government in driving income change for all three types of livelihoods has signifiicantly strengthened.In farming-dominated areas,growth in farmers'income was more reliant on the provision and support of external market resources by local governments.In pastoral-dominated areas,it depended more on the guidance of experienced leaders in linking the labor force to the local market.In areas with mixed farming and pastoral activities,the influence of local governments is weaker compared to predominantly farming and pastoral areas,and farmers'income growth relied more on internal regional interactions.3)Over time,the influencing factors have shifted from a sole focus on infrastructure and labor elements to a greater emphasis on the role of grassroots-level government,transportation accessibility,and market connectivity.4)Future policies for increasing farmers'income should consider the differences in livelihood types more carefully,strengthen the capacity of grassroots-level governments,improve education levels,enhance transportation facilities,and promote the effective integration of resources.This study may provide a scientific reference for global poverty alleviation efforts and sustainable rural development in ecologically fragile areas.
agro-pastoral zonelivelihood typesincrease of farmers'incomerural revitalizationgrassroots-level governmentlabor
万方数据
维普
