Commuting efficiency in dual dimensions of education and travel mode in Shanghai from the perspectives of average distance and spatial organization
The jobs-housing spatial relationship determines urban residents'commuting behavior.Research on commuting efficiency is of great significance for optimizing urban spatial structure and alleviating urban traffic problems such as congestion.However,few studies have examined commuting efficiency from dual perspectives(average trip length and spatial organization)and dual dimensions(education level and travel mode).Based on data at sub-district scale from the 1％National Population Sampling Survey in 2015,this paper describes the characteristics of urban commuting efficiency from the perspectives of average travel distance and spatial organization under the excess commuting framework,and explores its heterogeneity across education level and travel mode subgroups in Shanghai.The results show that:(1)52.12％of the commuting trips belong to excess commuting,and only 15.38％of the commuting capacity is used,which indicates that great capacity exists for optimizing the jobs-housing spatial relationship in Shanghai.(2)There is a significant difference in commuting efficiency across education level and travel mode subgroups.Compared with low education level and car travel,high education level and public transportation travel have a lower degree of commuting efficiency,and a greater potential for jobs-housing relationship optimization.There is an interaction between education level and travel mode.For car travel,the commuting distance of high education subgroup is much greater than that of low education subgroup,but for public transport travel,the trend is opposite.(3)There is a non-linear relationship between the average commuting distance and commuting spatial organization.The bi-dimensional cross analysis shows that the long commuting pattern is not necessarily inefficient and disorderly,and the short commuting pattern is not necessarily efficient and orderly.The above results emphasize the importance of studying commuting efficiency based on dual dimensions and dual perspectives.In addition,it is worth noting that less educated workers by public transit have the highest degree of jobs-housing separation,and the poorest job accessibility.Therefore,urban planners should pay more attention to low-skilled,low-income and other disadvantaged workers in affordable housing and public transportation system in the future.
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