1895-1904 年,严复的民族/国家思想不断发展演变、逐阶上升,经历了三个各有侧重的阶段.第一阶段为 1895 年,严复译出《天演论》初稿,发表《直报》四雄文,爆发出强烈的保种救亡意识,高扬民(种)族主义旗帜.第二阶段为 1897-1898 年,严复创办《国闻报》,刊发这一时期代表作《拟上皇帝书》,提出现代国家的内政外交方略,显示他已初具民族国家意识.第三阶段为 1900-1904 年,严复深刻意识到盲目排外的激进民族主义对国家的祸患,遂汲取A History of Politics中的人类社会发展演进理论和现代国民国家学说,翻译成《社会通诠》并于 1904 年出版,由此奠定他的现代国家观以及国家民族观.第一阶段,严复极力宣扬社会达尔文主义、强调灭种危机、主张在世界民族之林中竞争保种;第二阶段,他认识到国际社会有一定公理、中国之危机更多来自内部,所以强调清廷政府要提升内政外交水平、加强国家能力;第三阶段,他则以国家民族观念批判激进民族主义,宣扬法治宪政的现代国民国家以及不分民(种)族人人平等自由的"国家社会".严复在 20 世纪初就奠定了其富于现代性的国家理论和国族观,不仅在当时处于世界前沿,至今亦仍有显著价值.
A Reexamination on the Founding Process of Yan Fu's Modern View of State and His View of Nation
From 1895 to 1904,Yan Fu's nation/state thought continued to evolve and rise step by step,going through three stages with different emphases.The first stage was in 1895,when Yan Fu completed his translated draft of Evolution and Ethics and published four famous essays in Zhibao,his strong sense of preserving the species and saving the nation broke out and raised the banner of nationalism(species).The second stage was between 1897 and 1898,Yan founded Guowenbao and published his master work of this period A Draft Letter to the Emperor.He put forward domes-tic and foreign policy of a modern country,which showed that he had begun to develop a sense of nation and state.The third stage was in 1900-1904.Yan Fu was deeply aware of a calamity of blind xenophobic radical nationalism to the country,so he absorbed the theory of development and evolution of human society and the theory of modern national state from A History of Politics and translated it into Chinese,which was published in 1904,thus establishing his modern state view and state-nation view.In the first stage,Yan Fu strongly advocated social Darwinism,emphasized the extinction crisis of and proposed the competitive preservation of species in the forest of nations of the world.In the second stage,he realized that there were certain axioms in the international community and the crisis of China was more from the inside,so he stressed that the Qing govern-ment should improve the level of internal affairs and strengthen the national capacity.In the third stage,he criticized radical nationalism with the nation-state concept and advocated a modern na-tion-state governed by law and constitutionalism and a"national society"with equality and free-dom regardless of nationalities(species).Yan Fu established his modern theory of state and view of nation at the beginning of the 20th century,which stood not only at the forefront of the world at that time but still has had significant value today.
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