安徽蚌埠钓鱼台遗址炭化植物遗存研究
RESEARCH ON THE CHARRED PLANT REMAINS FROM THE DIAOYUTAI SITE IN BENGBU CITY, ANHUI PROVINCE
张娟 1杨玉璋 1张义中 2程至杰 1张钟云 2张居中1
作者信息
- 1. 中国科学技术大学科技史与科技考古系,安徽合肥230026
- 2. 安徽省文物考古研究所,安徽合肥230061
- 折叠
摘要
通过对安徽蚌埠钓鱼台遗址2014～2015年度考古发掘采集土样的浮选分析,获取了该遗址龙山时代晚期及西周春秋时期丰富的炭化植物遗存,其中炭化植物种子主要包括水稻(Oryza sativa)、粟(Setaria italica)、黍(Panicum miliaceum)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)和大豆(Glycine max)5种农作物以及其他禾本科(Gramineae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、酸模属(Rumex)等植物种子,此外还发现了少量来自栎属(Quercus)、菱属(Trapa)和枣属(Ziziphus)等植物的硬果核壳.实验结果显示,该遗址龙山时代晚期农作物有水稻和粟两种,并可能开始种植大豆.量化统计结果表明,水稻是遗址最主要的农作物,粟的比重相对较低;西周至春秋时期的农作物除水稻和粟外,还发现了小麦、大豆和黍,从而形成新的“五谷俱全”的作物结构,其中水稻仍然是最主要的农作物,但小麦异军突起,其地位仅次于水稻,粟类作物和大豆处于从属地位.综合分析本地区同时期其他遗址的植物考古研究结果,可以发现该地区龙山时代晚期和西周春秋时期,淮河干流南北的农业结构有明显差异,淮河以北的黄淮平原上水稻与旱地作物在农业结构中的比例相近,而在淮河以南地区,水稻占据明显的优势.同时,不同纬度位置考古遗址的农作物结构变化也存在一定的规律性,表现为水稻的比重自纬度较高的皖北地区到纬度较低的淮河以南不断上升,而粟、黍和小麦这些作物的比重则逐渐下降,这一现象应与不同纬度地区水热条件不同直接相关.此外,从该地区目前发现的小麦遗存来看,龙山时代晚期,小麦已在鲁南山地以南的山前地带分布,至岳石文化时期,传播至黄淮平原北部,且最迟不晚于西周早中期,小麦的分布已跨过淮河干流,传播至江淮地区.
Abstract
Diaoyutai site(32°54′N,117°20′E),located in the south of the Huaihe River,central-Anhui Province,Eastern China,was excavated from June,2014 to January,2015.This site consisting of 4 platforms with a total area of more than 10000 m2 contains different cultural remains dated to Late Longshan Period,Western Zhou and the Spring and Autumn Period,respectively.A total of 112 soil samples were collected for flotation work from ash pits,cultural layers,house ruins and so on.Systematic flotation work at Diaoyutai site discovered abundant charred plant remains which included 312.59 g of charred wood pieces,21 pieces of nut shells,and 1646 plant seeds.Nut shells included Quercus,Trapa,Ziziphus,Armeniaca mume Sieb.,Amygdalus,and so on.Plant seeds were dominant findings of the floatation work which included five crops and some weedy seeds like Gramineae,Cyperaceae and Leguminosae.The five crops were rice(Oryza sativa),foxtail millet(Setaria italica),broomcorn millet(Panicum miliaceum),wheat(Triticum aestivum)and soybean(Glycine max).In addition,some plants such as Amaranthus,Rumex,Chenopodiaceae and Portulacaceae might have been used as vegetables.The statistical analysis results indicated rice with more quantity and higher ubiquity than foxtail millet was the dominant crop during the Late Longshan Period,foxtail millet was less important at this site,and the ancient people at the Diaoyutai site also might have cultivated soybean at that time.The agricultural pattern of Diaoyutai was a mixed farming of rice and millets during the Late Longshan Period.From the Western Zhou to the Spring and Autumn Period,the absolute number and the ubiquity of rice was still the highest.However,the new crop wheat with the second highest ubiquity developed rapidly and its absolute number was slightly less than foxtail millet.Soybean and millets only occupied a small quantity and their ubiquity was also low.Based on the findings of plant remains from Diaoyutai and other contemporary sites,it can be seen that a new agricultural pattern with many different crops planting had formed in the middle Huaihe River Valley during the Western Zhou and the Spring and Autumn Period.However,it is worth noting that the roles of rice and dry crops in the subsistence economy were obviously different between the north and south of the Huaihe River.In general,during the Late Longshan Period and the Western Zhou Period,rice and millets have equal importance in the agricultural structure of the sites located in the Huanghuai Plain,the north area of the main stream of the Huai River.However,in the south of the Huaihe River,rice was more widely cultivated than dry crops.Comprehensive analysis for the carbonized plant remains from archaeological sites of different geographical locations indicates that within the study area,the importance of rice increases while millets and wheat declines along with the latitude decreasing.This phenomenon should be related to the different climatic conditions varying with the latitude.In addition,the study also shows that wheat spread to the south side of Mountain Tai-Yi during the Late Longshan Period and then distributed in the northern area of the Huanghuai Plain in the period of Yueshi Period,it is also clear that at the latest by the Early and Middle Western Zhou Period,wheat had dispersed into the Jianghuai area.
关键词
钓鱼台遗址/龙山时代晚期/西周至春秋时期/炭化植物遗存/稻-旱兼作农业Key words
Diaoyutai site/Late Longshan Period/Western Zhou and the Spring and Autumn Period/charred plant remains/mixed farming of rice and millets引用本文复制引用
基金项目
国家自然科学基金(41472148)
国家自然科学基金(41772172和41272186)
国家重点基础研究发展规划项目(973项目)(2015CB953802)
教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金(15YJA780003)
安徽省社会科学基金(AHSKY2016D37)
出版年
2018
NETL
NSTL
维普
万方数据