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刑事电子数据合法性审查与法律规制

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当前我国刑事电子数据合法性审查的基本逻辑主要是基于以证据真实性为核心进行审查判断,侧重于证明力认定,缺乏程序正义、人权保障之价值考量.从传统时代进入到数据时代,刑事电子数据合法性审查需要实现效力逻辑、审查逻辑和价值逻辑转向.电子数据合法性审查应当包括积极要件和消极要件两个阶层的审查判断.其中,第一阶层为积极要件审查,从证据法规范层面展开;第二阶层为消极要件审查,从程序正义、人权保障等价值层面展开.第一阶层要件欠缺未必导致电子数据失却证据能力,但第二阶层要件欠缺则会导致非法电子数据排除.非法电子数据是电子数据合法性审查判断的逻辑结果.完善非法电子数据排除规则,包括强化程序正义和人权保障的价值功能,确立严格排除与裁量排除的适用规则,建构非法电子数据排除规则适用程序.
Legality review of criminal electronic data and its legal regulation
Currently in China,the legality review of criminal electronic data mainly follows a logic centered on the authenticity assessment.This approach places a strong emphasis on the probative value of electronic data,but fails to take into account the procedural justice and human rights protection.In the transition from the traditional era to the digital age,the legality review of criminal electronic data must be modified by shifting its focus towards effectiveness,comprehensive review,and value-based reasoning.The legality review of electronic data should consider both positive and negative elements at two levels.The positive level involves the normative review in accordance with evidence law,while the negative level assesses values such as procedural justice and human rights protection.Although the lack of positive elements may not necessarily result in the exclusion of the electronic data,the absence of negative elements will lead to the exclusion of the illegally obtained electronic data.Consequently,the exculsion of the illegally obtained electronic data becomes a logical output of the comprehensive legality review.To improve the exclusionary rules for illegally obtained electronic data,we need to strengthen the values of due process and human rights protection,establish standards for mandatory exclusion and discretionary exclusion,and develop procedural frameworks to guarantee the application of the exclusionary rules for illegally obtained electronic data.

Electronic dataLegality reviewPositive elementsNegative elementsExclusionary rules for illegally obtained electronic data

阮建华

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中国政法大学刑事司法学院,北京 100088

最高人民检察院办公厅,北京 100726

电子数据 合法性审查 积极要件 消极要件 非法电子数据排除规则

2024

证据科学
中国政法大学

证据科学

CSTPCDCHSSCD
影响因子:1.176
ISSN:1674-1226
年,卷(期):2024.32(6)