Biorecognition Elements and Signal Amplification Strategies in Electrochemical Biosensing
As a long-standing research focus in electroanalytic chemistry,electrochemical biosensors have attracted immense interest in detection of biological targets such as small molecules,proteins,enzymes,nucleic acids,exosomes,circulating tumor cells (CTCs),bacteria,and viruses. etc. The highly sensitive and selective electrochemical detection of biological targets relies on the use of the specific biorecognition elements (BREs) and efficient signal amplification strategies. In this review,the typically used BREs and amplification strategies in electrochemical biosensing were summarized. On the basis of the interactions between BREs and targets,the enzyme/substrate-based and receptor/ligand-based electrochemical biosensors were first introduced,focusing on the BREs used in the electrochemical detection of nucleic acid targets and non-nucleic acid targets. Then,the representative use of various isothermal nucleic acid amplification technologies,catalytic reactions,functionalized nanocarriers,and polymer materials in amplified electrochemical detection of biological targets were introduced. The challenges with respect to the practical use of electrochemical biosensors and the prospect of electrochemical biosensing were discussed.
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