摘要
为进一步深入研究静电纺丝技术及纳米纤维结构设计,达到实现纤维纳米尺度的导向性结构控制,有效提高纳米纤维的比表面积、力学性能及形貌均一有序性的目标.简要介绍了静电纺丝技术在纺丝效率不断提高的同时逐渐发展出同轴共纺、偏轴共纺、并轴共纺、共轭电纺等纺丝方法,综述了基于实心纳米纤维、多孔纳米纤维、中空纳米纤维、纳米电缆及Janus纳米纤维等不同纳米纤维的结构特点、制备方法及纺丝机制,分析了静电纺丝技术在不同结构纳米纤维的制备方法、形成机制及结构调控等方面的研究进展及成果,并进一步表明静电纺丝技术在实现纳米尺度导向性结构控制方面具有广泛的应用潜力.认为纤维从简单的光滑细丝状逐渐向形貌多样化、结构多级化发展,应用领域从单一功能向多功能及多功能协调领域发展.
Abstract
Significance With the rapid development of nanotechnology,the application of nanofiber materials in the fields of energy storage,catalytic filtration,biomedicine,food engineering and sensors has always attracted the attention of researchers because of its good continuity,high specific surface area and large aspect ratio.However,an effective preparation method has always constrained the development of nanofibers.Electrospinning technology,as the only method that can directly and continuously prepare nanofibers,has had a profound impact in the field of nanofiber material preparation since its birth and patent application in 1934,because of its simple device,convenient operation,low cost and other advantages.Electrospinning technology is a technology that uses polymer as a template to prepare ultrafine fibers with adjustable structure and diameters ranging from nanometer to micrometer under the combined action of high voltage electric field and Taylor cone.Because the nanofibers prepared by this technology have the advantages of large specific surface area,easy structure control and easy functionalization,it has wide application potential in the field of nano-functional materials.Progress In recent years,the research work of electrospinning technology has mainly focused on the process optimization,mechanism discussion,functional modification and structural multi-level of nanofibers.With the rapid development of electrospinning technology,the spinning liquid system that can be spun has gradually expanded from polymer to biological macromolecules,inorganic substances and organic/inorganic composites.According to different fiber structures,spinning liquid system and spinning mechanisms,the electrospinning technology has been developed from the classical electrospinning to the coaxial electrospinning,parallel electrospinning,conjugated electrospinning,off-axisl electrospinning,and single-axis electrospinning by improving the spinning device,adjusting the spinning parameters and combining the post-processing methods.With the continuous improvement of spinning efficiency,nanofibers have gradually developed from simple smooth filaments to diversified morphology and multi-level structure,and the application field has also developed from single function to multi-function and multi-function coordination.With the deepening of research at home and abroad,the remarkable achievements of electrospinning technology in the preparation of various structured nanofibers provide a feasible technical reference for the control of oriented nanofiber structure.Therefore,at present,achieving the designability of nanofiber structure and exploring the application field of nanofiber materials are one of the key directions for researchers to develop electrospinning technology at this stage.Conclusion and Prospect In order to further study the electrospinning technology and the structure design of nanofibers,realize the directional structure control of nanofibers,and effectively improve the specific surface area,mechanical properties and morphology uniformity and order of nanofibers.This paper summarizes the structural characteristics,preparation methods and electrospinning mechanism of different nanofibers based on solid nanofibers,porous nanofibers,hollow nanofibers,nanocables and Janus nanofibers,compares the research progress and achievements of electrospinning technology in the preparation methods,formation mechanisms and structure control of different nanofibers,and it further shows that electrospinning technology has broad application potential in realizing nanoscale oriented structure control of nanomaterials.At present,electrospinning technology is one of the most promising preparation methods for preparing nanofibers,although there are many problems to be solved,such as the inability to produce on a large scale,the existence of barriers to the lower limit of fiber diameter,the poor mechanical properties of fibers,and the difficulty in solvent recovery,with the continuous deepening of theoretical research on electrospinning technology and the continuous emergence of novel fiber structures,electrospinning technology is bound to have a broader development space in the preparation of controllable nanofiber structures,and will also promote the development of nanomaterials to functional multi-domain,structural diversification and environment-friendly.
基金项目
辽宁省"兴辽英才计划"项目(XLYC2008003)
维普
万方数据