Research progress in macrofungi and mycelia composites
Significance Fungi are neither plants nor animals,which are one of the first life forms on Earth.Fungi are widely distributed in nature,with millions of species.In recent years,with the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection and the progress of cultivation technology,the application of fungi is also expanded.Fungi are rich in dextran and chitin,and have unique physical and chemical properties.Besides food and medicine,fungi are also widely used in material engineering.Fungal composite materials are a new type of environment-friendly material,which has the characteristics of simple production,complete degradation,durability and wide application scenarios which attracted much research interest.In order to promote the development of sustainable materials and advocate the concept of environmental protection,it is of great significance to review and summarize the current research status of fungi and mycelium composites.Progress In order to better promote the development of fungal composites,this paper makes a comprehensive review of the current fungal materials covering the composition,fermentation mode and application status.The main structure,composition,active substances and application value of large fungi such as oyster mushroom,Flammulina mushroom and Ganoderma lucidum were first introduced respectively.In order to make the explanation clearer and more concise,some detailed data about fungi materials were collected.Fermentation methods also have a great influence on the properties of raw fungal materials.Fermentation products could have different thickness and density,requiring different processing routes.Therefore,the advantages and disadvantages of solid fermentation and liquid fermentation were compared and analyzed,and their effects on the processing properties of raw fungal materials were summarized.In addition,the research progress of pure mycelia materials and mycelium composites was comprehensively reviewed.At present,the research and development of fungal materials still show rapid growth.Mycelia composite materials have applications in sound insulation materials,building boards,packaging materials,textile leather and medical dressings,and so on.Fungal materials are rich in chitin,polysaccharide and other active ingredients,which provide unique material characteristics and medical value,and are expected to be further developed in the future to broaden applications.There are,however,problems in fungal materials,such as production pollution,pathogenicity,service life and future development direction,calling for further study.This paper makes an objective analysis and prospect of fungal materials,hoping to introduce the characteristics of fungal materials comprehensively and help researchers broaden their thinking.Conclusion and Prospect Fungal materials,with good biocompatibility and no residue after degradation,have great potential to replace fossil-based materials,and their production is not limited by seasons.Particular problems to be solved have been identified as follows.1)Conditions for fermentation needs to be optimized and suitable fermentation equipment needs to be devised to reduce pollution,as pollution and other problems increase the cost to a large extent.2)Research on the service life of fungal materials is emperative.3)The pathogenicity of the selected fungi materials and the possibility of insect colonization in fungi materials to become invasive species needs careful consideration.In a word,there is still a long way to go to use fungal composites on a large scale and the research and development of new fungal materials remain to be attractive.
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