Progress in preparation methods and applications of electrospun three-dimensional nanofiber materials
Significance Nanofiber membrane materials are widely used in energy,environment,medical treatment,and health fields because of their unique characteristics such as light weight,small pore size,high porosity,and high specific surface area.Electrospinning uses high-voltage static electricity to make the viscous fluid of polymer overcome the surface tension,form a jet in the electric field,and produce continuous nanofibers easily and quickly through the process of drafting and curing.The product prepared directly by electrospinning is usually a nanofiber membrane with a thickness of micrometers,and the layers of stacked fibers are tightly connected.The two-dimensional nanofiber membrane materials are found to have shortcomings in mechanical properties,thickness regulation,and applications.In recent years,the preparation of electrospun three-dimensional nanofiber materials has become an emerging research focus.Compared with two-dimensional nanofiber materials,nanofiber materials with three-dimensional structures have higher porosity,higher specific surface area,better connectivity,better resilience,and thickness control,which widen nanofiber applications.Therefore,the development of novel nanofiber materials with three-dimensional structures has attracted more and more attention from researchers.Progress According to the molding steps,the current preparation methods of three-dimensional nanofiber materials constructed by electrospinning can be divided into two categories,i.e.,the re-forming method(fiber membrane reconstruction method)and the direct electrospinning method.The re-forming method is the most commonly used at present.Firstly,the nanofiber membrane is prepared by electrospinning,and then the porous three-dimensional nanofiber material is obtained by crosslinking,heat treatment,solvent displacement,and freeze-drying a new re-forming method was proposed,which used electrospinning together with freeze-drying technology to prepare three-dimensional nanofiber materials.In this study,three-dimensional porous nanofiber aerogels were reconstructed using fragmented nanofibers.In addition,using the method of adjusting ambient humidity,the researchers also prepared three-dimensional nanofiber materials by direct electrospinning.These three-dimensional materials prepared by electrospinning perform well in functional tests such as thermal insulation,separation,and filtration with attractive characteristics such as ultra-high porosity and excellent mechanical resilience.In the field of tissue engineering,three-dimensional scaffolds constructed by electrospinning have also played an important role in tissue culture repair.In short,three-dimensional nanofiber materials prepared by electrospinning show great application potential.Conclusion and Prospect Summarizing the research findings described above,the following prospects for preparing and applying electrospun three-dimensional nanofiber materials can be drawn.(1)The preparation process should be simplified.At present,the main preparation method is the secondary forming method and the complicated process seriously restricts the development of three-dimensional nanofiber materials.Therefore,shortening the preparation process is the direction that needs further breakthroughs.(2)The preparation method should be universal.Many methods can only make three-dimensional materials from specific polymer systems,and the scope of application is too narrow.It is an urgent problem to improve and put forward appropriate methods to make them universally adaptable.(3)Size should be controllable.Because of the limitations of most preparation methods,many materials cannot be freely controlled in shape,size,especially thickness,but practical applications require three-dimensional nanofiber materials with unique shapes,so the realization of size controllability is still a problem that researchers need to optimize.(4)The construction of pore structure should be controllable.The unique pore structure advantage is an important reason for the wide application of three-dimensional nanofiber materials.The pore structure of controllable construction materials can further expand its deep application in filtration,medical treatment,and other fields.(5)Multi-function aggregation should be achieved.At present,functional 3-D materials are faced with the problem of single function.The development of 3-D materials integrating multiple functions is an important direction for the development of nanofiber materials.
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