Uncertainty in reconstructing palaeogeographic boundary conditions in palaeoclimate modelling
As climate models are increasingly applied in palaeoclimate studies,the reconstruction of more accurate palaeogeographic boundary conditions has become a key factor in understanding deep-time climate change mechanisms.However,the uncertainty in this reconstruction process has received little at-tention.This study investigates this uncertainty and its impact on model simulation results,based on re-construction methods and data selection for palaeo-sea-land distribution,palaeo-sea depth,and palaeo-to-pography.Our results show that:(1)When reconstructing sea-land distribution,choice of reference plate movement models significantly affects the latitude and longitude of the reconstructed plates,so this demon-strate that model selection should align with research goals.Moreover,accurate correction of sea-land dis-tribution requires multiple palaeoenvironmental proxy indicators,considering their uncertainties.(2)The reconstruction of palaeo-sea depth is more uncertain due to its complex process.Updating the oceanic crust age,choosing a depth-crust age relationship model,selecting a sediment model,and adjusting depth in key areas can all lead to different ocean depth reconstruction results.In particular,special attention should be paid to critical areas like sea channels,the state of this areas directly affect ocean current patterns and temperature-salinity changes in some ocean basins.(3)The uncertainty of palaeo-topography reconstruc-tion is mainly influenced by factors such as the richness and uncertainty of height proxy indicators.(4)Correcting sea-land distribution and reconstructing sea depth leads to differences in basin size and seabed topography.These differences directly impact ocean currents and air-sea exchanges.In summary,uncertainty arises at every step of the palaeogeographic boundary conditions reconstruction process,which will greatly affect the accuracy of model output.To mitigate this,optimizing reconstructions by adding more proxy indicators will be required.Additionally,using multi-model results and geological records for verification is critical when analyzing climate model output,involving palaeogeographic boundary uncer-tainty.
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