"Norms"and"Personnel Activity":Insights from the Teachers'Anti-Censorship Activities of Primary School in Early Republic of China
In the early years of the Republic of China,the introduction of the qualification system for primary school teach-ers aroused heated discussions in the teachers'community.Primary school teachers recognized the necessity of qualification testing,but questioned the Ministry of Education's rules and regulations.The protests against the testing were common.To some extent,the protests of primary school teachers were reasonable,which influenced the decisions of the central and local administrations and pushed for the adjustment and enrichment of the system of qualifications for primary school teachers.The protests also reveal the inevitable tension between"norms"and"personnel activity",and provide historical lessons and practical inspiration for current teacher qualification system.