The Turning Point and Political Direction of Sun Yat-sen's Five-power Constitution Theory in the Late Qing Dynasty
Based on the preserved correspondence between Sun Yat-sen and French intelligence agencies in the late Qing Dynasty,it can be proven that Sun Yat-sen proposed the Five-power Constitution theory no later than June of 1906,shortly after his trip to Europe.By establishing this timeline,we can accurately grasp the evolution of Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary theory and his political direction.Within the revolu-tionary political party,his aim was to break the members of the Tongmenghui's fixation on the Separation of Powers theory and establish a unified ideological understanding.In terms of external propaganda,he sought to counter the constitutionalists and occupy the commanding heights in academic discourse,empha-sizing the advanced nature of Chinese revolutionary theory and seeking support from European and Ameri-can countries for the Chinese revolution.The debates and discussions surrounding the theories and institu-tional designs of the Separation of Powers,Four-power,and Five-power demonstrate that the Separation of Powers is not an inviolable truth.A political theory that is suitable for a country's history and traditions can lay a solid theoretical foundation for political practice.
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