The Origin of the"Chinese Scholars with Pen"in the Late Qing Dynasty——An Investigation into the Chinese Assistants of Missionaries and Their Translation and Publishing Activities in Early Modern Times
In the more than 30 years before the opening of China in modern times,with the arrival of early Prot-estant missionaries,a group of Chinese scholars were active in Guangzhou,Macao and Nanyang Areas as assistants and with unique work.Their emergence as a group was jointly promoted by the regional charac-teristics of early Sino-Western exchanges,the missionaries'demand for Chinese and Chinese cultural knowledge,and the Chinese scholars'consideration for making a living.They assisted the missionaries in compiling bilingual dictionaries and other Chinese learning books,cooperated with them in translating the Bible and other Christian literature,and jointly compiled and published Western Chinese journals and works,playing an important role in the cross-cultural communication history in early modern times.As the people around the missionaries,they were obviously influenced by different kinds of Christianity,some of which were even deeper,but the characteristics of conservative Confucianism were also obvious.Their identity as lower-level scholars,the background of traditional Chinese education and cultural accomplish-ment,the historical motivation for the formation of employment and cooperation with missionaries,the role they played in the compilation and publication activities of both sides,and the cultural and ideological ten-dency between Confucianism and Protestantism all have the basic characteristics of the"writers"group that emerged later.They are the origin of the"writers"group in the late Qing Dynasty.
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