Integrated protection and systematic governance of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands-deserts ecosystems based on ecological product supply:Case of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region
Ecological products are integral to meeting people's ever-increasing needs for a better life,but it needs to be guaranteed by the integrated protection and systematic governance of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands-deserts ecosystems.Based on the connotation of ecological product supply and its interdependence upon the integrated protection and systematic governance of the ecosystems,we assessed the spatial and temporal dynamics of ecological product supply capabilities and the obstacles encountered in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region over the period from 2011 to 2021 using principal component analysis,equivalent factor method,entropy weight method,obstacle degree model and other methods.Then we proposed a framework for the integrated protection and systematic governance of mountains-rivers-forests-farmlands-lakes-grasslands-deserts orientated by the"function-goal-problem"of ecological product supply.Findings revealed a progressive increase in the ecological product supply capacity across the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.In which,the supply capacity of ecological environmental products was the greatest,the supply capacity of ecological material products was comparatively the modest,and the most substantial growth was observed in the supply of ecological cultural products.The spatial analysis uncovered significant disparities in ecological product supply.The regions with high supply capacity predominantly located in the northern regions,and lower supply levels characterized the southern plains.Specifically,Chengde,Zhangjiakou,and Beijing were noted for their robust supply of ecological environmental products.In contrast,Tangshan,Tianjin,and Baoding were highlighted for their strong supply of ecological material products,and a notable capacity for ecological cultural products was identified in Beijing,Tianjin,Shijiazhuang,and Baoding.The obstacles to ecological product supply were found to be relatively consistent,with the primary obstacles being ecological land usage,ecological tourism,recreational facilities,urban green spaces,and fisheries,though variations existed across different cities.The research underscored the need for devising integrated protection strategies that encompass all ecological components,emphasize characteristic and regional elements,and promote cross-regional conservation.Moreover,it advocated for the establishment of systematic governance strategies that consider both the areas of supply and the identified impediment factors.
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