Coordinating Development and Security through Civil Participation in Military Innovation——Post-World War II Technology Development Models of Major Powers and Their Implications
Promoting development and maintaining security are two critical objectives pursued by states worldwide,and the military-civilian integration of technology serves as a vital link between development and security.After World War II,the military-civilian integration practices of the Soviet Union,Japan,and the United States represent four distinctive models of major-power technology development,namely"spin-away","spin-on","spin-off"and"spin-around".Through a comparative historical analysis,this paper has demonstrated that the key to successfully realizing military-civilian integration and coordinating development and security fundamentally lies in"civil participation in military innovation".Such participation provides essential"negative feedback"constraints,accumulation of complementary capabilities and sustainable sources of funding for military technology.The technology development model of the Soviet Union faced challenges due to its insufficient civil participation,which hindered the transfer of military technology to the civilian sector,leading to a lack of sustained funding for its military innovation.In contrast,Japan's practices illustrate how technology can be diffused from the civilian sector to the military sector,and how civilian enterprises can drive the development of dual-use technologies.In the United States,prior to the 1980s,military technologies designed to enhance security gradually spilled over into the civilian sector for economic development.Henceforward,military and civilian technologies have become increasingly intertwined.The successes and failures of major powers'technology development models and the military-civilian integration in the post-war context offer valuable lessons for China when it seeks to promote military-civilian integration and coordinate development and security.
coordinating development and securitytechnology development modelcivil-military integrationcivil participation in military innovation
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