Whose OFDI is Greener—Measuring and Comparing the Carbon Footprints of Multinationals Originated from China and the U.S.
To address the environmental threat argument about Chinese OFDI,this paper measured and compared the carbon footprints of multinational enterprises(MNEs)of China and the United States(U.S.)based on a global input-output model reflecting firm heterogeneity.The results indicate that:Chinese MNEs have"green characteristics"in their OFDI activities,as they have less carbon footprints than U.S.MNEs.Chinese MNEs'carbon footprints are concentrated on services while U.S.MNE'carbon footprints are mainly in manufacturing.The distribution of MNEs'OFDI carbon footprints is related to the regional value chain division.Under the GVC backward perspective,the"home coun-try emission increasing effect"exists in Chinese MNEs'OFDI activities.In contrast,the"pollution heaven effect"exists in U.S.MNEs'OFDI activities.The difference in the car-bon footprints of the two countries'MNEs has been narrowing.The carbon footprints,induced by U.S.MNEs'OFDI activities in China,are concentrated on manufacturing and mainly generated by Chinese domestic enterprises.The study suggests that Chinese MNEs stick to the strategy of green investment;promote international cooperation on green pro-duction technologies;and pay attention to carbon emissions management in the whole sup-ply chain.
Outward Foreign Direct Investment(OFDI)Global Value Chain(GVC)Global Input-Output ModelMultinational Enterprises(MNEs)Carbon Foot-print
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