The Process and Essence of Changing Native Chieftain as Officer of Honor to Local Official in the Middle Qing Dynasty
Considering the administrative cost,cultural barrier and the maintenance of the stability in border ethnic areas,the Ming Dynasty,in the process of promoting bureaucratization of native officers,replaced the original native chieftain system with prefecture-county system and the corresponding household registration system(Li Jia),and at the same time,the original the native chieftain had been changed from the military title to the civil one,which was to be continued to be hereditary in the original place.The native chieftain who lost control of the old land and the people only enjoyed the title of honor then.The mid-Qing hereditary reform of this title of honor is one of the contents of the Qing government's continuous promotion of the governance of the border ethnic areas.the reform aimed not at the change of the title,but the elimination of the title,changing them into local officers according to the rank of the award,recalling or disposing the seal and changing hereditary paper given by the government.Thus,the government put further restrictions on these local officers in normative aspects to withdraw their power at grass-roots level.This change still played an important role in the frontier ethnic areas,presenting a complex situation of the border governance of the dynastic state.
万方数据
维普
