Cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction(CAID)refers to the extensive immune changes present in cirrhosis.The key components of CAID include systemic inflammation and immunodeficiency,which manifest with different intensity depending on the stage of cirrhosis and the presence of contingencies such as bacterial infections.Treatment of CAID should include strategies to modulate rather than suppress the immune response,as eliminating or stimulating the inflammatory response may increase the risk of infection or worsen immunopathology.This review summarizes the mechanisms and clinical implications of immune dysfunction in cirrhosis,and describes potential targets for improving dysfunctional immune responses in cirrhosis,so as to provide reference for clinically delaying the progression of cirrhosis and salvaging liver failure.
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