摘要
春秋时期,民在礼乐秩序中的作用受到前所未有的关注,整民成为礼的目的与归宿.虽然君子与小人依然分属不同等级,但此区别不是隔绝而只是分工不同,都具有同等的重要性.这种对民的重视不仅仅基于功利性的考虑,还是一种新人性论的体现.当时的士大夫们出于对民意与政事之间关系的深刻认识,提出信与礼是为民生利的正道,因而是"政之大节".国家政事的落脚点在于"利以平民",且生利需以行义为前提.君主有德,能为民众谋利,自然会得到拥护,成为"民之望";民心安定,则社稷有主而鬼神得祀,进而赐福于君.在位者养民、厚民、富民不是一味地无限度地满足民众的欲望,而必须有所节制.《左传》中的民本思想通过历代儒者、士人的阐释,至今仍然具有借鉴意义.
Abstract
During the Spring and Autumn period,the role of the people within the ritual and music system received unprecedented attention.Governing the people became the purpose and ultimate goal of the rituals.Although gentlemen and commoners still belonged to different social classes,this distinction was not a form of isolation but rather a division of labor,implying that both were of equal importance.This emphasis on the people was not merely based on utilitarian considerations but also reflected a new understanding of human nature.The scholar-officials of the time,deeply aware of the relationship between public opinion and government affairs,proposed that integrity and ritual were the proper paths to benefit the people,thus becoming"the great principles of governance."The focus of state affairs lay in"benefiting the people,"but such benefit had to be founded on righteousness.If rulers were virtuous and acted for the well-being of the people,they would naturally gain the people's support and become the"hope of the people."When the people's hearts were at peace,the altars of the state had rightful rulers,and the gods were worshiped,resulting in blessings for the lords.Furthermore,rulers benefiting the people did not mean unrestrainedly satisfying their desires,but required moderation.The people-oriented thoughts in Zuozhuan have been interpreted by Confucian scholars and officials over the centuries and still hold relevance today.
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