摘要
汉代的掾具有主官特质,表现为有部分审判权、拥有自己治所等.这使其在属吏中有较高的地位.与史只负责事务性、程序性工作不同,掾作为部门主官,有参与议政的权力.掾可以作为敬称和姓连用,同长吏一样.掾和史同时出现的场域位次分明.从与长吏关系角度,汉代的掾分为门下掾、曹掾、部掾,以及散掾.部掾活动在县下之部,负责专项事务,偏重于政务执行.部掾兼劝农掾时,部掾是主体.散掾是因时、因地制宜,根据需要设置的特别职官.西汉中期以后,地方官府在属吏中分离出掾,郡县长吏将一部分决策权让渡给他.掾的扩张是地方官府对外部社会治理环境变化的一种调适,反映出地方长吏通过构建复杂的行政体系,来加强对地方社会控制.
Abstract
Yuan had the characteristics of senior officials in The Han dynasty,as they held partial judicial authority and having their own administrative offices.This gave them a higher status among the subordinate officials.Unlike Shi,who was only responsible for administrative and procedural work,as the head of the department,Yuan had the authority to participate in political discussions.Yuan can be used as an honorific title and combined with a surname,just like a high-ranking official.The field ranking of the simultaneous appearance of Yuan and Shi is distinct.From the perspective of the relationship with high-ranking officials,Yuan was divided into the Menxia Yuan,Cao Yuan,Bu Yuan,and San Yuan.Bu Yuan operated at the county-level,responsible for special affairs and focusing on government execution.When Bu Yuan also served as Quannong Yuan,the role of Bu Yuan took precedence.San Yuan is special positions set up according to the time,local conditions,and needs.After the mid-Western Han Dynasty,Yuan separated from their subordinate officials,and county governors delegated part of their decision-making authority to them.Theexpansion of Yuan was a local government response to changes in the external social governance environment,reflectinghow senior officials strengthened their control over local society by constructing a more complex administrative system.
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