摘要
《尚书·康诰》:"凡民自得罪,寇攘奸宄,杀越人于货,暋不畏死,罔弗憝."孔传:"瞥,强也.自强为恶而不畏死,人无不恶之者.言当消绝之."《孟子·万章下》引作:"《康诰》曰:'杀越人于货,闵不畏死,凡民罔不譈.'"赵岐注:"'越'、'于'皆'于'也.杀于人,取于货,闵然不知畏死者.'譈',杀也.凡民无不得杀之者也."可见"暋"汉代作"闵",应即楚文字常见的读为"文"的从民声之"(鹿)/(又)"字,通《说文》训为"强也"的"敃".而北大汉简《老子》:"民恒不畏死,奈何其以杀戄(惧)之也?"其语即借鉴《尚书》,而同于赵岐注的"譈"."憝/譈"即甲骨、金文及《逸周书·世俘》等中表示攻伐的"敦"字,与断音义同源,故可训为杀.
Abstract
The excerpt from Shangshu-Kanggao states:"Whenever the commoners themselves commit wrongs against others,encounter thieves and traitors,and murder others for the sake of goods,they do not fear death and are despised by everyone."Confucius's commentary explains that the term'暋'means stubborn."It is detestable for those who are self-righteous and unafraid of death when engaging in evil acts,and they should be completely eradicated.The Mencius-Wan ZhangⅡcites:"'Kanggao'says:'Killing others for the sake of goods,being unafraid of death,the people unanimously demand their execution.'"Zhao Qi's commentary explains:"'Yue'and'Yu'are synonymous,meaning to kill someone and take their property.'Q'indicates recklessness,as these people show no fear of death.means to kill,suggesting that the entire populace would agree they deserve execution."It can be observed that"暋"was written as"闵"n the Han dynasty,which likely corresponds to the character"(鹿)/(民)"commonly pronounced as"文"in Chu script,where the pronunciation is similar to that of"民."This character is typically interpreted as"strong"in theShuowenJiezi《说文解字》.In the Peking University Han bamboo slips of Laozi,the phrase"The people are generally unafraid of death;how,then,can death be used to instill fear in them?"draws directly from the Shangshu and aligns with Zhao Qi's interpretation of"譈."The terms"憝"or"譈"appear in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions,as well as in texts like the"Yizhou Shu-Shifu,"where they signify acts of conquest or attack.These share a common phonetic and semantic origin with the character"敦"and can thus be interpreted as to kill.
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