论主观明知的推定及其规范化路径——以认定主观明知的司法解释兜底条款为切入点
On the Presumption of Fact and its Standardized Path in Knowledge Determination:Starting from the Judicial Interpretation's Catch-all Provision that Determines Knowledge
马静华 1袁嘉谦2
作者信息
- 1. 四川大学法学院;四川大学中国司法改革研究中心(四川成都 610065)
- 2. 四川大学法学院,四川大学法学院刑事案件研究中心(四川成都 610207)
- 折叠
摘要
主观明知的认定一直是司法实践中的难题,我国通常以司法解释的形式对主观明知认定问题作出具体规定.然而,认定主观明知的司法解释往往设置兜底条款,当前司法机关对这种兜底条款的适用存在问题,这可能导致主观明知认定的扩大化.认定主观明知的司法解释规定乃推定规范,其中兜底条款乃事实推定规范,可以说,兜底条款的问题实质上就是事实推定的问题,正是因为事实推定的内在缺陷,才导致兜底条款适用的种种困境.基于此,需要构建主观明知认定中的事实推定规范化路径.一方面,事实推定在一定程度上冲击无罪推定原则而受到合法性质疑,另一方面,事实推定赋予法官过多自由裁量权而受到规范性质疑.为此,一方面需要回应合法性质疑,即探寻被告人权利保障新范式,另一方面需要回应规范性质疑,即完善事实推定规范性建设,具体包括:明确事实推定的启动条件、明确事实推定结论的确定性程度、确立事实推定的末位适用原则、强调基础事实的证明标准、构建规范的辩方反驳规则、构建有力的事实推定监管规则.
Abstract
Knowledge determination has always been a hard nut to crack in judicial prac-tice,for which judicial interpretation tends to act as concrete specification.Never-theless,judicial interpretations that determine knowledge often include catch-all provisions.At present,there are problems with the application of such provisions by judicial authorities,which may lead to the expansion of knowledge determina-tion.The judicial interpretation that determines knowledge is presumption,among which the catch-all provision is presumption of fact.It can be said that the prob-lem with catch-all provisions is essentially a matter of presumption of fact.It is because of the inherent flawed of presumption of fact that various difficulties arise in the application of catch-all provisions.Hence,we should establish a stand-ardized path for presumption of fact in knowledge determination.On the one hand,the presumption of fact negatively affects the principle of presumption of in-nocence to some extent and its legitimacy is questioned.On the other hand,pre-sumption of fact renders excessive discretionary power to judges and hence its standardization is questioned.To solve these problems we should respond to the legitimacy questioning,that is,searching a new paradigm for the security of de-fendants'rights.Also,we should address the standardization questioning,that is,improving the standardized construction of presumption of fact,specifically inclu-ding the following:clarifying the starting conditions for presumption of fact,clarif-ying the definitive degree of conclusion of presumption of fact,establishing the principle of end-place applicability for presumption of fact,emphasizing the proof standard for basic facts,constructing standardized rules for the accused to refute,and erecting powerful supervising rules for presumption of fact.
关键词
刑事推定/事实推定/法律推定/犯罪故意/主观明知Key words
criminal presumption/presumption of fact/presumption of law/criminal intent/knowledge引用本文复制引用
出版年
2024
NETL
NSTL
万方数据