Establishing Ethics Ruling in Accordance with Times:Evolution of the Local"Autumn Trial"Transfer System in the Qing Dynasty
"Establishing ethics ruling in accordance with times"was a basic concept for legal amendment in the mid-Qing period.The local"autumn trial"transfer system kept evolving in Emperor Qianlong's reign,going through dramatic changes-abolished for a short period,resumed,and transformed in some areas distant from provincial capitals,and continuing transformation during Emperors Jiaqing-Daoguang reigns.The reasons behind these chan-ges included distance and security,trial-transformed reviewing and ex-penditure constraints,administrative organs and regions-planning adjust-ment,and promotion via local officials of high status.The evolution of"au-tumn trial"transfer system indicates that the Qing Dynasty government em-bodied the legislative feature of establishing ethics ruling in accordance with times in handling the relationships between central and local powers,whole and part,and legal stability and transformation under the circumstances of the"universal ethics and flexibility principles"and the political and crimi-nal traditions.As times went on,during the Emperors Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns the abuse of in-situ execution practice dealt a heavy blow to the lo-cal"autumn trial"transfer system and in the second year of Emperor Xuan-tong's reign(1910)the local"autumn trial"transfer system ended together with the closing of"autumn trial".
Qing Dynastyautumn trialtransferin accordance with timesestablish ethics ruling
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