Social Development in the Local Tusi Chieftains-ruling Areas of Northeastern Yunnan during the Ming and Qing Dynasties
In the history of Yunnan's transformation and development,Northeastern Yunnan was a relatively special category.In more than 2000 years since the Qin and Han dynasties rises and falls happened here,yet the situation was not completely identical between the two dynasties.Qujing is situated between the north and south of Northeastern Yunnan,where obvious differences of development could be observed on either side in the Ming Dynasty.Thanks to the old road connection with Pu'an,a county of Southwestern Guizhou,Qujing and the areas southward were constantly under the control of the Ming Dynasty's feudal government,keeping the momentum of ongoing development.By comparison,Wusa,Wumeng and Mangbu to the north of Qujing were shifted to the rule under Sichuan,but the feudal government of Sichuan could hardly have any substantial influence there,and naturally,Tusi,the local minority people's chieftains,ruled in a real sense.For a long time,in these areas road access to Sichuan was inconvenient,dangerous and hard,and economic development was slow.During Emperor Yongzheng's reign of the Qing Dynasty these three areas ruling changed from Tusi to the feudal government in what was termed Gai Tu Gui Liu(shift from Tusi to provincial ruling),and many people moved in from outside.Still,development was not as fast as expected in the beginning despite the influx of outsiders.However,since the mid-Qing Dynasty development picked up,along with some negative effects.A great number of new settlers were involved in mining and new land cultivation,causing much destruction to soil and vegetation,and thus the local economic development was faced up with new challenge.
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