Bladder cancer(BCa)is one of the most frequent urogenital malignancies,which mainly affects men.There are various genetic and environmental risk factors associated with BCa progression.Transurethral endoscopic resection and open surgery are the main treatment options for BCa patients.Bacillus calmette guerin vaccine(BCG)is also applied to BCa patients after the endoscopic resection to prevent tumor relapse.The tumor microenvironment is the main interaction site of tumor cells and immune system,in which the immune cells are recruited via cytokines.In the present review,we summarized the main cytokines that are associated with BCa.This review highlights the cytokines as critical markers in early detection and treatment of BCa.
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