Research progress of trimethylamine oxide in Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a neurodegenerative disease that affects memory and cognitive functions,which is a major cause of dementia in adulthood.AD is associated with several risk factors,among which trimethylamine oxide(TMAO),a gut microbial metabolite,has recently been identified as a potential risk factor for it.TMAO has been shown to be associated with AD through various pathophysiological pathways.Due to molecular crowding effects,TMAO leads to the aggregation of two proteins,namely the amyloid beta peptide and tau protein.Their aggregations are a key pathological feature of AD.In addition,TMAO has been found to activate astrocytes and inflammatory responses.In addition to molecular studies,animal and human studies also support a functional relationship between TMAO and cognitive decline.This article comprehensively describes TMAO production,the microbial-gut-brain axis system,and the relationship between TMAO and AD by illustrating latest in vitro,in vivo,and clinical evidences,aiming to improve the prevention and treatment of AD.
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