On the basis of systematic investigation and analysis of the water quality and the main pollution sources of Taiping Lake, the temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of the water environment of Taiping Lake and the particular pollution features and pollutant sources were discussed. Furthermore, the effects of social and economic activities on the water environment were evaluated. The results showed that with regard to the water pollutants in the Lake, the main factor exceeding the standard limit was TN. The overall water quality was in a moderate eutrophication level. The main sources of pollution load were urban and rural living, livestock breeding and aquaculture. The effects of social and economic activities on the water environment of Taiping Lake were not much. Moreover, on the basis of analysis, relevant countermeasures were proposed, providing references for eco-environmental protection and sustainability of Taiping Lake.