Sources,Removal Efficiencies and Ecological Risks of Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Different Wastewater Treatment Processes
Using solid-phase extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(SPE-UPLC-MS-MS),17 per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)were analyzed in wastewater from three wastewater treatment plants in Guangxi(P1、P2、P3).The findings revealed 10 PFASs were detected with detection rates ranging from 33.3%to 100%.PFASs concentrations in influent and effluent ranged from 32.0 to 86.4 ng/L and 23.0 to 39.6 ng/L,respectively.Notably,perfluorobutanoic acid(PFBA),perfluoropentanoic acid(PFPeA),and perfluorooctanoic acid(PFOA)dominated the pollution profile.The anaerobic-anoxic-oxic(AAO)process exhibited a 49.0%removal efficiency,while the modified sequencing batch reactor(MSBR)achieved 72.2%,and the oxidation ditch process achieved 25.0%.Sewage was the main source of PFASs in influent of P1 and P3,but in influent of P2,the main sources of PFASs were sewage and industrial wastewater.Furthermore,PFDoDA in P1 effluent posed a high ecological risk to fish and water fleas,and a moderate risk to algae,while P2 and P3 effluents showed lower ecological risks to the receiving rivers.
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