当前锂电池和铅蓄电池占据储能电池97％的市场份额,本研究选取其中5种典型储能电池为对象,基于全生命周期评价方法,对它们的环境影响进行对比分析.综合考虑了电池容量和循环次数,以1 kWh能量传递为功能单元,利用CML-IA baseline方法,在全球变暖、人体毒性、酸化等8种环境影响指标上进行环境影响计算.结果表明:(1)磷酸铁锂电池在7种指标上最优,其中,全球变暖为2.70×10-1 kg CO2 eq、人体毒性为1.43×10-1 kg 1,4-DB eq、酸化为1.24×10-3 kg SO2 eq;环境影响潜势从低到高分别为:磷酸铁锂、二次利用磷酸铁锂、三元锂、二次利用三元锂和铅蓄电池.(2)电池充放电效率的提高对于降低温室气体排放尤为关键,敏感性超过367％;而电池循环次数和规范回收率的作用相对有限,敏感性低于25％.(3)在2025、2035和2050年的电力结构下,5种电池都能减少31％、52％和72％以上的温室气体排放.综上,为促进储能行业的低碳化可持续发展,建议优先发展磷酸铁锂电池,加大对电池充放电效率提升的研发投入,推动电力结构的清洁化转型.
Environmental impact assessment of five typical energy storage batteries based on full life cycle assessment
Currently,lithium-ion batteries and lead-acid batteries account for 97％of the energy storage battery market share.This study focused on comparing and analyzing the environmental impacts of five typical energy storage batteries using full life cycle assessment method.Considering the battery capacity and cycle numbers,1 kWh energy delivered was defined as the functional unit.Based on the CML-IA baseline method,environmental impact was calculated on eight environmental impact indicators such as global warming,human toxicity and acidification.The findings indicated:(1)The lithium-iron phosphate battery outperforms other batteries in seven indexes,among which the environmental impact indexes were 2.78× 10-1 kg CO2 eq for global warming,2.37×10-1 kg 1,4-DB eq for human toxicity and 1.39×10-3 kg SO2 eq for acidification.The environmental impacts potentials from low to high were as follows:lithium-iron phosphate,secondary use lithium-iron phosphate,lithium ternary,secondary use lithium ternary,and lead-acid battery.(2)Improving battery charging and discharging efficiency was crucial for reducing greenhouse gas emissions,with a sensitivity of more than 367％.;while the number of battery cycles and formal recycling rate played a relatively limited role,with a sensitivity of less than 25％.(3)Under the electricity mix of 2025,2035 and 2050,all five types of batteries could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions by more than 31％,52％and 72％.In conclusion,in order to promote the low-carbon sustainable development of the energy storage industry,it was recommended to prioritize the development of lithium iron phosphate batteries,increase research and development investment in battery charge/discharge efficiencies,and promote the clean transformation of the electricity mix.
life cycle assessment(LCA)energy storage batterysecondary uselithium-ion batterylead-acid batteryenvironmental impact
万方数据
维普
