Detection and ecological risk assessment of fifteen commonly-used active pharmaceutical ingredients in water
With the intensification of population aging,the usage amount of common drugs such as hypoglycemic,antihypertensives,and lipid regulators increased continuously;the pollution of active pharmaceutical ingredients(APIs)in water has attracted much attention.In order to understand the pollution status and ecological risk of these drugs in water,a detection method using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was established based on the solid-phase extraction pretreatment of sample;the detection method can detect 15 APIs in water with the detection limitation of 0.03～0.32 ng·L-1,quantitation limitation of 0.10～1.07 ng·L-1 and the recovery rates of 60.00％～1 17.25％.Four water samples were collected from Beijiang surface water(BJ-SW)in Guangdong,Hutuo river groundwater(HT-GW)in Hebei,Chaobai river surface water(CB-SW),and Chaobai river groundwater(CB-GW)in Beijing,respectively,and the concentrations of the APIs in the four water samples were measured.There were 12 APIs being detected in the four samples;the main APIs in the BJ-SW were metformin,ibuprofen,and caffeine with the concentration ranges of 42.01～131.42,34.27～53.84 and 11.16～60.74 ng·L-1,respectively;the main APIs in the HT-GW were metformin,ibuprofen,diclofenac,and caffeine with the concentration ranges of 45.78～71.66,20.23～52.79,10.35～19.78 and 13.18～63.47 ng·L-1,respectively;the main APIs in the CB-SW were metformin,telmisartan,ibuprofen,and caffeine with the concentration ranges of 45.37～128.24,8.43～129.75,38.07～60.84 and 16.21～108.43 ng·L-1,respectively;while the main APIs in the CB-GW included metformin and ibuprofen in the range of 11.93～25.03 and 7.93～24.73 ng·L-1,respectively.In addition,the APIs in the influents and effluents of three sewage treatment plants located in Beijing satellite city,township and urban area were detected,respectively.The concentrations of the APIs in the influents were in the range of 31.58～4211.23 ng·L-1,and the average removal rates of the APIs were in the range of 53.01％～95.29％.The main APIs in the effluents included metformin,telmisartan,ibuprofen,and caffeine,which were consistent with those in CB-SW;the concentrations of the four APIs in the effluents was in the range of 54.94～201.49 ng·L-1.The risk quotient model was used to assess the ecological risk of the APIs in the water.Ibuprofen was at a low risk level in the BJ-SW,HT-GW and CB-SW;metformin was close to low risk level at BJ5 and BJ8 sampling points in BJ-SW and at CB1 sampling point in CB-SW,diclofenac was close to low risk level at CB1 sampling point in CB-SW.APIs detected in CB-GW were determined at a ecological risk-free level.
pharmaceutical active ingredients(APIs)high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometrymetforminsurface water and groundwaterecological risk assessment
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