In Vitro Digestive Properties and the Effect of Diaphragma Juglandis Fructus on Human Gut Microbiota
To elucidate the in vitro digestive properties and the effect of diaphragma juglandis fructus(DJF)on the human gut microbiota,this study conducted in vitro upper gastrointestinal digestion and in vitro colonic microbial fermentation experiments using DJF as substrate.The study analyzed the physical and chemical properties throughout the digestive process,investigated the effects of DJF on the diversity and composition of human gut microbiota after in vitro fermentation through microbial diversity analysis,and analyzed the metabolites released after fermentation by gut microbiota through metabolomics.Results showed that gut microbial fermentation could maximize the release of phenolics and flavonoids,resulting in more excellent antioxidant capacities,with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH),2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS)and ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)assays,which reached a highest value with 22.95 mg·g-1 DW,3.88 mmol·g-1 DW and 1.14 mmol·g-1 DW,respectively.The surface micromorphology of DJF became fragmented after microbial fermentation.The results of 16S rRNA microbial diversity analysis demonstrated that DJF could increase the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes,Fusobacteriota and Proteobacteria in phylum level compared to CK group.In genus level,the relative abundance of Prevotella and Fusobacterium was increased but certain pro-inflammatory bacteria(such as Dorea,Alistipes,Colidextribacter and Bilophila)was inhibited significantly in DJF group.Additionally,1 338 differential metabolites were identified and enriched in 269 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathways.Among these metabolites,some metabolites were significantly up-regulated including ferulic acid,umbelliferone,epicatechin,chlorogenic acid,abscisic acid,sinapoyl aldehyde and scopoline,and they were enriched in some pathways including biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids,flavonoids,plant secondary metabolites and secondary bile acid.This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the additional value of walnut processing by-products.
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