Mechanistic Insights into Intramolecular Energy Transfer Dynamics in Photosensitizers for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion
Photosensitizers constitute a cru-cial element in the process of triplet-triplet annihilation upcon-version,necessitating robust ab-sorption of visible or near-infrared light,high intersystem crossing ef-ficiency,prolonged triplet state lifetime,and minimal energy dissi-pation during intersystem cross-ing and vibrational relaxation.Nonetheless,conventional monomeric photosensitizers fre-quently fail to simultaneously meet these requirements.In re-cent years,researchers,including our group,have fabricated photosensitizers that incorporate multiple covalent linkages,such as dyads and triads,which are regarded more likely to achieve comprehensive performance optimization.This review article explores the design and characteristics of recently synthe-sized dyads and triads photosensitizers that operate on the principles of intramolecular sin-glet energy transfer and intramolecular triplet energy transfer,demonstrating their outstand-ing efficacy in high-efficiency triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion.We provide an exhaus-tive explanation of the design rationales,photophysical,and photochemical properties of these photosensitizers,along with suggestions for the creation of photosensitizers with en-hanced performance.Moreover,we discuss potential avenues and opportunities for the future development of triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion technology.
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversionIntramolecular singlet energy trans-ferIntramolecular triplet energy transferPhotosensitizer
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