The Surface and Substance of Jie Chao——Yang Xiong's Reflections and Breakthroughs on the Dilemma of Scholars in the Late Western Han Dynasty
The first half of Yang Xiong's Jie Chao focuses on comparing the past with the present,pointing out the changes in the encounters of scholars under the changing world;the second half focuses on Yang Xiong himself,explaining the reasons for his composition of Tai Xuan and providing legitimacy for his proposed scriptures.Yang Xiong ostensibly glorified the great a-chievements of the Han Dynasty,but in reality,he severely criticized the current political situation.In this contrast between the hidden and the obvious,Yang Xiong's disappointment with the real world is conveyed,so he positioned Tai Xuan as a book waiting for the future generations.On the negative side,the creation of Tai Xuan is Yang Xiong's passive escape from reality;on the positive side,it is his active pursuit of a creative environment in which heaven and man are united.Therefore,Jie Chao certainly reflects Yang Xiong's disappointment and cowardice when he encounters realistic difficulties,but it also reflects his bot-tom-bouncing spiritual breakthrough and transcendence.Compared with Da Ke Nan,Jie Chao not only reveals the profound rea-sons for the scholar's failure,but also provides a solution for the scholar to settling down physically and mentally.
Yang XiongJie ChaoTai XuanDa Ke Nanscholarly culture
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